The lambs are bred to an accuracy of ☒4 h. (Term is 145 days.) The ability to develop a reliable method of creating bladder outlet obstruction in females, ligating both the urethra and urachus was critical. In lambs, glomerulogenesis is complete by 90 days gestation. The model requires 60-day-gestation fetal lambs. We identify some discoveries that may have clinical implications. ![]() Pringle, K C Kitagawa, H Seki, Y Koike, J Zuccollo, J We outline the development of a reliable model of obstructive uropathy in fetal lambs highlighting our understanding of the critical time points for interventions and the variability of any such model.Here, we review the molecular mechanisms and cellular consequences of planar polarisation in diverse contexts, seeking to identify the common principles across the animal kingdom. ![]() ![]() Components of both pathways also function in vertebrates and are implicated in diverse morphogenetic processes, some of which self-evidently involve planar polarisation and some of which do not. The patterning mechanisms that underlie planar polarity are well characterised in Drosophila, where many events are regulated by two pathways: the ‘core’ planar polarity complex and the Fat/Dachsous system. ![]() Strutt, David Planar polarity describes the coordinated polarisation of cells or structures in the plane of a tissue.
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